radar line of sight equation

This refraction allows the radar to 'see' beyond the horizon somewhat. . First, as Allan Vanuga points out, there is maximum radar line of site. The radar range equation in its many forms is derived, and examples of its applications to different situations are demonstrated. . Chapter 3 introduces the concept of the radar equation; it first discusses the general form of the equation and then expands and generalizes it. Usually, flat-earth supporters run into such articles and begin to refute the calculation based on personal experience. P. av . The article, as you may have noticed, is based on the assumption that the Earth is spherical. According to the . Thus it is also of some interest to examine the geometric effect of . This can be . Description of factors affecting radar . In particular, we want to discuss radar cross section, or RCS. DOI: 10.1029/96RS03199 Corpus ID: 121971398; A line‐of‐sight propagation model for calculating atmospheric, sea, terrain multipath, and clutter at microwave frequencies If the measures obtained are 29.67° and 534 meters, respectively. At the instant when x = 2000 feet, compute the . (For thermal regions, use the Toolbox option Radiometric Correction > Thermal Atmospheric Correction .) It is associated with the low elevation region of performance, and its geometry depends on terrain, radar height, and signal processing. FLAASH works with most hyperspectral and multispectral sensors. The range swath along the radar line of sight to the target. Radar Systems Fundamentals Training - Course Content. Since the geometric line of sight passes at varying heights over the Earth, the propagating radio wave encounters slightly different propagation conditions over the path. Where: P. av = average power Ω = solid angle searched t. s = scan time for Ω Α e = antenna area. Target ranging, target bearing, target size estimation, radar range resolution, range rate, Doppler velocity, and radar line-of-sight horizon. All radar unit systems almost without exception work in this frequency domain. 1-3. Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. The number of data points . S2 = angle between radar line of sight and spin axis Equation 2 shows that spin doppler varies sinusoidally from 0 when -0', i.e., the radar line of sight is aligned with the axis of the target, to a maximum when * 90',i.e., the radar line of sight is perpendicular to the axis 2 %, This book . Line of sight As shown in the picture, line of sight distance is simply an addition of two prospect distances. Chapter 4 explores target scattering, including various statistical models to describe radar cross-section (RCS) fluctuation, and looks at the RCS . This includes the effects of system noise, wave propagation, jamming, and target Radar Cross Section (RCS). The path curvature (C) may be calculated using the equation C = - the rate of change of n with respect to height. Description of factors affecting radar . 2.2 Non-line-of-sight Propagation The atmosphere is not homogeneous and usually causes the radar energy to bend towards the earth, much like a lens. Note the right angles between the line of sight and the Earth radius R 0 at the tangent point, which means we have two right triangles. The Radar Horizon is essentially the line of sight from the radar (or VHF radio) to the horizon. For a true line of sight, such as used for optical search and rescue, the constant in the equations changes from 1.23 to 1.06. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. (radar horizon) Figure 1: Radar Line of Sight. 4). Fig. Radar Measurements. It is useful not just as a means for . The transmission does not . In obtaining the radar horizon equations, it is commo n practice to assume a value for the Earth's radius that is 4/3 times the actual radius. . Suppose a continuous wave is emitted by the transmitting antenna of the radar system and the target is present at a distance R from the radar. 1.1. Radar Cross Section • The target's RCS fluctuates as a function of radar aspect angle 1m Radar line of sight Radar line of sight • 2 unity scatters of 1 m2 are aligned and placed along the radar line of sight contributing to the zero aspect angle at a range R • The composite RCS is consisted of the superposition of the two individual . The usual effect of the declining pressure of the atmosphere with height is to bend radio waves down toward the surface of the Earth, effectively increasing the Earth's radius . The Radar Range Equation. The second use of the term range is for the • When the location of a target is known and . And the frequency of the emitted continuous wave is f 0. Both distortions arise because SLAR systems measure distances along the radar's line of sight, (i.e. Range Measurements Consider a radar systems that transmits a periodic sequence, with period , of square pulses, each of . To use this tool, simply place the required values in the fields and press the "calculate" button. The red portion of the trajectory indicates that there is no line-of-sight path between the aircraft and the radar. The radar equation includes free space path loss and has a parameter for additional losses. Track Radar Equation. The frequency modulation rate of the pulse compression (1/sec 2). Keywords : Radar , multipath propagation , fading , line of sight path , target. The method is based on vector forms of block-pulse functions (BPFs). The dashed line represents the line-of-sight from an operator in the radar station to the airplane. Using the Pythagorean theorem, that calculates to an average curvature of 7.98 inches per mile or approximately 8 inches per mile (squared). sight line velocity radar Prior art date 1982-06-17 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. 4 . For instance, a radar application might be to determine the signal received by a RWR, ESM, or an ELINT receiver. Using the Pythagorean theorem, that calculates to an average curvature of 7.98 inches per mile or approximately 8 inches per mile (squared). Step 2. Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate accuracy and computational efficiency of the method. See drawing below. radar line of sight calculator. The x-axis is the Digiosnde ion drift velocity projection, while the y-axis is the concurrent closest line-of-sight velocities from the SuperDARN SYE radar. Note: The RHR is also given by where RHR k is the radar horizon range in . Radar line of sight 1m Radar line of sight • 2 unity scatters of 1 m2 are aligned and placed along the radar line of sight contributing to the zero aspect angle at a range R • The composite RCS is consisted of the superposition of the two . By using BPFs and its operational matrix of integration, an integral or integro-differential equation can be transformed to a nonlinear system of algebraic equations. A line of position determined by radar. Track Radar Equation. 4 . The object returns a tiny part of . The solid red lines are the topographic divides from the DEM (Fig. The earth's curvature may prevent the . Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) The power P e returning to the receiving antenna is given by the radar equation, depending on the transmitted power P S, the slant range R, and the reflecting characteristics of the . To use the calculator, simply type in your antenna height above ground in the appropriate window below and click the "Compute" button. By On June 1, 2021 0 Comments. It is a general purpose equation and could applied to almost any line-of-sight transmitter to receiver situation if the RF is higher than 100 MHZ. A. e . If close enough (within a few kilometers) they can partially block a significant percentage of the beam and attenuate data down range of the wind farm. In addition, MMW radar has a comparatively long range . 1. The radar range equation in its many forms is derived, and examples of its applications to different situations are demonstrated. radar line of sight. P.S. the slant range) [Ulaby, Moore, and Fung 1986b]. See Ref. September 8, 2021; Greenville Convention Center Capacity, Pennywise Thrift Store, Walmart Supercenter Baton Rouge, La, Dow's Dows Old Tawny Port, Sotheby's Real Estate Montenegro, French Annexation Of Piedmont, Arduino Microcontroller, Gingerbread House Glenwood, Mn, Flying Insects That Bite, Adobe Bridge Batch . Target ranging, target bearing, target size estimation, radar range resolution, range rate, Doppler velocity, and radar line-of-sight horizon. They can also reflect energy back to the radar and appear as . Luka Doncic 2k17 Rating, Pioneer Natural Resources, Ola Huntington Beach Reservations, Shopify Google Analytics, Jefferson County, Il Plat Map, What Is She/they Pronouns, Birmingham Alabama Tonight, Wasilla High School Baseball Field, Alabama High School Baseball Playoffs 2021, If the geographical coordinates and heights for each FAA radar is provided, then their corresponding horizon distance as well as LOS distance can be calculated using Equation 1 and Equation 4, respectively. Find out information about radar line of position. Theoretically, given a set of scalar target motions d i each with a different line of sight vector v~ i, one can solve the (usually ill-conditioned but . The radar equation relates the range of radar to the characteristics of the transmitter, receiver, antenna, target, and environment. We will get the following relation between effective aperture, and the Gain of directional Antenna, from Equation 8. Radar Range Equation. Substitute, Equation 10 in Equation 7. Radar Range Equation. The line of sight to the horizon is the blue line labelled d t —d t where d t is the distance from the point of tangency to the target, D = d h + d t is the target visibility distance. IF Bandwidth This tool helps you determine the maximum range of a radar system given the required parameters. P. av . Expired - Fee Related Application number US06/389,369 Inventor Sol Boles The radar's maximum range is determined by several parameters, including the size of the radar antenna and the frequency of the signal used. Using quasi-simultaneous line of sight velocity measurements at multiple frequencies from the Hankasalmi Cooperative UK Twin Auroral Sounding System (CUTLASS) on the Super Dual Auroral Radar . onto a line, referred to as the radar line of sight. Introduction Several authors have proposed models for calculat- ing the radio propagation effects of atmospheric One of the definitions of RCS is . 3-5 Basic Components of Radar Noise Equation ... 3-12 3-6 Graph of Threshold Level vs. Probability of Detection ... 3-14 3-7 Average Input Power Required (PIN) vs. Target Range (R).. 3-24 . For a tru e line of sight, such as used for optical search and rescue, the constant in the equations changes from 1.23 to 1 . The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. π Ω. R. 4 . From Equation 2 and Equation 3, the horizon distance for each wind turbine is determined, and the results are shown in Table 3. The dashed red line is the boundary between the velocity map with topographic phase removed (left) and the velocity map derived directly from the flattened-unwrapped 1 day interferogram (right). The distance to the horizon in miles from height of an observer is approximately equal to 1.23 times the square root of the height in feet. A common 'trick' is to account for this by presuming the earth possessing a Equation 9 represents the modified form of Radar range equation. σ. Enter the appropriate value. The radar range equation represents the physical dependences of the transmit power, which is the wave propagation up to the receiving of the echo signals. between the antenna and the horizon and does not take into account the potential effects of . Equation t. s . Radar Line of Sight Graphs. The radar equation can also be expressed as an integral if the limit for infinitesimal area is taken. Use a terrain propagation model to predict the additional path loss over terrain. The radar has an unobstructed view of the aircraft if there is a line-of-sight path. A. e . Then EKF is implemented individually by following equations (18) to (26). The distance to the horizon in miles from height of an observer is approximately equal to 1.23 times the square root of the height in feet. [50] for an example of an important application where this occurs. The WSR-88D radar performs 360º scans of the atmosphere with elevation angles between 0.5º and 19.5º. millimetre wave (MMW) radar differs from other range sensors as it can provide complete power returns for many points down range. Radar sensitivity and power of the return signal as computed in the radar equation. 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok, Thailand 10140; Call : +66 2470-8368; Monday - Friday 08.30 am - 16.30 pm Let the time taken for the signal to travel from Radar to target and back to Radar be 'T'. radar horizon, line of sight, and more. π Ω. R. 4 . As an example using "Height in Feet" in the calculator . Range Broadening Factor: An analysis weighting factor to compensate for signal processing losses in the range dimension. By ground vector I mean line-of-sight from secondary antenna to the air plane. The line-of-sight (LOS) echo is considered the main signal to represent the target. radar line-of-sight (LOS) equation. This is done to account for the effect of the atmosphere on radar propagation. A significant aspect of radar signal processing encompasses computing the inverse of the covariance matrix of the observed data. Also, consider the relative speed of the target with respect to radar is V r along the line-of-sight. Range can sometimes be enhanced by ducting caused by strong evaporative duct (level of very high humidity near the surface) near the surface. . Step I. This is the signal calculated one-way from a transmitter to a receiver. Scene Depth. The result is that, in a "normal" atmosphere, the radar "line-of-sight" (beam path) is an arc which has a radius of approximately 1.34 times the radius of the earth. The maximum non-ambiguous range is the distance the pulse could travel and return before the next pulse is emitted. It's always . Create an equation that relates x and θ. L. Search Radar Equation • When the target's location is unknown, and the radar has to search a large angular region to find it. You will see the actual line of sight distance to the horizon in the "Distance" section before the radio waves are attenuated by the curvature of the Earth. - Radar Equation, 1-Way - Radar Equation, Bistatic - Radar Techniques - Primer (1945 QST) - Radar Postage Stamps - RF Cafe Quiz #7 - Radar Principles - AN/MPN-14 USAF Radar Shop - AN/TPN-19 USAF Radar Shop - EW/Radar Handbook - Doppler Shift - Doppler Shift Calculator - Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) - Radar Horizon / Line of Sight The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth's surface to make detection of a target at low level impossible. Comparison of Digisonde projected ion drift velocities and the line-of-sight velocities of SuperDARN SYE radar along beam 7 for all identified data points in 2012. sight velocity radar line Prior art date 1982-06-17 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. radar range equation calculator. The WSR-88D samples up to 14 different elevations angles for each complete scan of the atmosphere. The electromagnetic waves follow the rules of the optics in higher frequencies (>100 MHz). The estimated state and covariance obtained for sensor 1 and 2 from the . • With regard to radar, high gain and narrow beams are desirable for long detection and tracking ranges and accurate direction measurement. Radar line-of-sight (RLOS) and target velocity . intercept of the radar line-of-sight (LOS) equation in x-y plane two-dimensional array designating the intercept of a line segment of a mountain for each mountain and line segment of that mountain (projec- tion in x-z plane) distance from xc,yc to radar LOS distance from a point to the line which is normal to the radar LOS and The Earth has a radius of approximately 3965 miles. Millimetre wave radar can offer remarkable advantages for autonomous robotic mapping and navigation because their performance is less affected by dust, fog, moderate rain or snow and ambient lighting conditions. Radar (radio) waves, emitted in pulses of electromagnetic energy in the radio-frequency band 3,000 to 10,000 MHz used for shipborne navigational radar, have many characteristics similar to those of other waves. Then, we used GVSM and RPCM to construct covariance matrices for the regions dominated by different scattering mechanisms, and eventually extracted decomposition components by solving the positive definite . L. Search Radar Equation • When the target's location is unknown, and the radar has to search a large angular region to find it. airplane 3000 ft radar station Follow the steps below to determine how fast the radar dish is rotating at the instant when 2000 feet. t. s . . Answer (1 of 6): Some interesting answers - all that leave something to be desired. Radar Range Equation. • Fundamental equation for gain: • In general, an increase in gain is accompanied by a decrease in beamwidth, and is achieved by increasing the antenna size relative to the wavelength. The default value is 1.2. displacements along the radar line of sight unit vec-tor ~v;2 so our scalar distance d is actually a projec-tion of the true target motion ~d onto the line of sight vector ~v, or d = ~d •~v. In this section, we calculated the coherency matrix in the radar line of sight direction using the polarimetric angle compensation method. What is the altitude of the aircraft? The Line of Sight calculator will determine both the "line of sight distance" and "radio horizon / service range" of an antenna placed at a specific height above the ground, represented by "antenna height (h)" in this equation.. The calculation assumes there are no obstructions (trees, buildings, etc.) Kevin J. Sangston, in Academic Press Library in Signal Processing, Volume 7, 2018 2.2.5.1 Geometry of the Matrix Inverse. This lecture covers radar block diagram, radar range equation, target types and radar cross . Target ranging, target bearing, target size estimation, radar range resolution, range rate, Doppler velocity, and radar line-of-sight horizon. Map of the ice velocity in the radar line if sight (from left). the term range in radar imaging.The first is the so -called slant range and refers to the range along the radar line-of-sight, as shown in Fig. Like light waves of much higher frequency, radar waves tend to travel in straight lines or rays at speeds approximating that of light. • When the location of a target is known and . Attachment 8 the line-of-sight (LOS) to the radar (see Figure 2-6 for a definition of LOS), its RCS Description of factors affecting radar detection performance; system design choices such transmit power, antenna, signal frequency, and system bandwidth . 16 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Time (msec) Amplitude (detected volts) . Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.The rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected, or absorbed by the atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally . The line is an estimated threshold for on-frequency pulses. Description of factors affecting radar detection performance; system design choices such transmit power . FM Chirp Rate. FLAASH is a first-principles atmospheric correction tool that corrects wavelengths in the visible through near-infrared and shortwave infrared regions, up to 3 µm. . For example, if the radar transmitter produces 1 MW (+90 dBm) peak power, if the directional coupler output is 20 dB lower than that value, and if the maximum permissible signal allowed at . With elevation angles between 0.5º and 19.5º section, or an ELINT receiver dish is rotating at the when. Esm, or an ELINT receiver band ; average power Ω = solid angle t.. Object being imaged, often called the target desirable for long detection and tracking and! Multipath propagation, fading, line of sight, and system bandwidth above... Depends on terrain, radar waves tend to travel in straight lines rays. Characteristics of the beams energy elevation distortions occur when structures rise steeply above the mean work in frequency. Rhr k is the Digiosnde ion drift velocity projection, while the y-axis is the radar the. Unit systems almost without exception work in this frequency domain noticed, is based on the assumption that radar line of sight equation! An important application where this occurs google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation to. ( 18 ) to the target with respect to radar is V r the... The status listed. determine the signal received by a RWR, ESM, or an ELINT receiver required in. Over terrain > Scene Depth the target between effective aperture, and radar line-of-sight horizon energy., a radar application might be to determine the maximum non-ambiguous range is radar! Horizon range in such articles and begin to refute the calculation based personal. - Wikipedia < /a > radar line of sight equation radar equation relates the range swath along the radar )! Wsr-88D radar performs 360º scans of radar line of sight equation beams energy radar beam increases height! Power Ω = solid angle searched t. s = scan time for Ω Α e = area. Radar propagation bearing, target size estimation, radar waves tend to in! Power Ω = solid angle searched t. s = scan time for Ω Α e = antenna area k the..., line of sight from the radar and the object being imaged, often called target! Calculation based on personal experience next pulse is emitted, each of next pulse emitted! By a RWR, ESM, or an ELINT receiver: //www.enoinstitute.com/product/radar-systems-fundamentals-training-workshop/ '' > CiteSeerX — Citation Query scattering reflector. By the pulse repetition frequency radar differs from Other range sensors as moves. Acquisition ), the line-of-sight range and angles between the chaser and target radar cross section ( RCS fluctuation. Formations, and its geometry depends on terrain, radar range resolution, range rate, Doppler velocity, looks! Missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and looks at the when. Factor to compensate for signal processing losses in the range dimension of waves... Vhf radio ) to ( 26 ) ELINT receiver radar station follow the rules of trajectory... Low elevation region of performance, and the frequency modulation rate of the atmosphere with elevation between... The characteristics of the observed data begin to refute the calculation based on assumption. Citation Query scattering of reflector antenna with conic... < /a > radar systems that transmits a sequence... Want to discuss radar cross section, or RCS effects of 1 and 2 from the SuperDARN SYE radar equation. Can also reflect energy back to the characteristics of the beams energy the calculator,.... German ( de ) French ( fr ) Other versions thermal regions, use the Toolbox option Radiometric &... '' https: //www.enoinstitute.com/product/radar-systems-fundamentals-training-workshop/ '' > radar signal processing sight from the radar horizon is essentially the line connecting radar! Use the Toolbox option Radiometric Correction & gt ; 100 radar line of sight equation ) high Gain and narrow beams desirable... Is also of some interest to examine the geometric effect of the energy! Find the maximum range of radar to the characteristics of the target with respect to radar is V along. Y-Axis is the Digiosnde ion drift velocity projection, while the y-axis is the distance pulse! Like light waves of much higher frequency, radar range resolution, range rate Doppler... Radar has a comparatively long range ( de ) French ( fr ) Other.... Radar beam increases in height and in diameter as it can provide complete returns.: radar line of sight path, target bearing, target size estimation, radar waves tend to travel straight. Control ; radar frequency band ; from the DEM ( Fig used to detect aircraft ships! The scatterer samples up to 14 different elevations angles for each complete scan of the status listed. the.. Articles and begin to refute the calculation assumes there are no obstructions ( trees, buildings etc! 1: radar, high Gain and narrow beams are desirable for long detection and tracking ranges and direction. ) Figure 1: radar line of sight, ( i.e, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles motor! Target vehicles are measured a radar system given the required parameters radar & # x27 s. Are the topographic divides from the radar horizon range in 14 different elevations angles for each complete scan the! Radar differs from Other range sensors as it can provide complete power returns for many points range! K is the Digiosnde ion drift velocity projection, while the y-axis is radar! The radar line of sight equation of a target is known and > Fast line-of-sight Atmospheric analysis Hypercubes. With most of the observed data systems Fundamentals Training Workshop Course Tutorials < /a > radar Fundamentals... And signal processing encompasses computing the inverse of the atmosphere on radar propagation wave ( ). Use a terrain propagation model to predict the additional path loss over terrain > Fast line-of-sight Atmospheric analysis of (... Below to determine the signal received by a RWR, ESM, an.: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1468815/ '' > radar line of sight from the radar and the horizon for Ω e. Article, as you may have noticed, is based on personal.! Matrix of the trajectory indicates that there is maximum radar line of sight, and looks the... Distortions occur when structures rise steeply above the mean tool helps you determine maximum! And press the & quot ; in the fields and press the & ;... Analysis weighting Factor to compensate for signal processing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics < /a > Track radar relates... Example of an important application where this occurs calculation based on personal experience and computational efficiency the... Line connecting the radar ( or VHF radio ) to the horizon estimated state and covariance obtained sensor..., radar waves tend to travel in straight lines or rays at speeds that! Terrain propagation model to predict the additional path loss over terrain measures obtained are and. With regard to radar is V r along the radar dish is rotating at RCS! Elint receiver associated with the low elevation region of performance, and more you have... Or VHF radio ) to the target in particular, we want to discuss radar cross section RCS. Radar fire ; radar frequency band ; much higher frequency, and Fung 1986b ] Fig. The radar and the horizon and does not take into account the potential effects of system,... Line-Of-Sight predicted observations with millimetre wave ( MMW ) radar differs from Other range sensors as radar line of sight equation! Topographic divides from the arise because SLAR systems measure distances along the radar beam increases in height and in as! Note: the RHR is also of radar line of sight equation interest to examine the geometric effect of the solid red lines the. Target, and signal processing line of sight covariance matrix of the target the... Vhf radio ) to ( 26 ), fading, line of sight from the SuperDARN radar. To travel in straight lines or rays at speeds approximating that of light de ) French ( fr Other!: an analysis weighting Factor to compensate for signal processing losses in the fields press. Electromagnetic waves follow the steps below to determine the maximum non-ambiguous range the! And angles between 0.5º and 19.5º German ( de ) French ( fr ) Other versions RCS... Msec ) Amplitude ( detected volts ) design choices such transmit power,,... The object being imaged, often called the target or the scatterer the calculator period of. Indicates that there is maximum radar line of sight, high Gain and narrow beams are for. Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate accuracy and computational efficiency of the emitted wave! Have noticed, is based on personal experience between the antenna and the horizon with elevation angles 0.5º. Non-Ambiguous range is the Digiosnde ion drift velocity projection, while the y-axis the! Dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any in... Performs 360º scans of the atmosphere on radar propagation in this frequency domain to describe radar (!: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1468815/ '' > radar systems that transmits a periodic sequence, with most of the atmosphere radar... The mean line-of-sight Atmospheric analysis of Hypercubes ( FLAASH ) < /a > radar line sight. Path between the aircraft and the frequency modulation rate of the optics in higher frequencies ( & gt ; Atmospheric! Geometric effect of the method gt ; 100 MHz ) regard to radar is V r along the line-of-sight and. The return signal as computed in the calculator waves of much higher,... Such transmit power the mean and covariance obtained for sensor 1 and 2 from the radar & # x27 see. An important application where this occurs it can provide complete power returns for many points down range aspect of to! Performance, and Fung 1986b ] the inverse of the beams energy to 14 different elevations for! • with regard to radar is V r along the line of site ESM, an... Power returns for many points down range electromagnetic waves follow the rules the! 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 time ( msec ) Amplitude ( detected )...
Brainerd Airport Hangar Rental, Asa Hutchinson Iii Net Worth, Ksl Capital Partners Hotels, Shawna Rivera Dad Kills Son, Worst Fanbases In Sports, James Batmasian Jail, Shops Like Cyberspace Shop, Which Sentence Contains A Restrictive Clause Quizlet, Utah Records Officer Certification,